You will perform a history of a head, ear, or eye problem that your instructor has provided you or one that you have experienced and assess the head, ears, and eyes. An Assessment of the Head, Ears, and Eyes Patient Case Mr. Harold, a 68-year-old African-American man

An Assessment of the Head, Ears, and Eyes

SUBJECTIVE DATA:

Mr. Harold; 68-year-old male; African American

CC (chief complaint): Visual changes in both eyes.

HPI: The patient is a 68-year-old male who reports to the healthcare facility for his routine annual physical examination. The patient says his vision has worsened in both eyes over the last two months. On inquiry, the patient reveals that he has been a glaucoma patient for the past five years. For his glaucoma, he takes Timolol eye drops. Mr. Harold is also a hypertensive patient and controls his blood pressure with oral antihypertensives. He also has hyperlipidemia, for which he takes lipid-lowering agents.

Medical History

• Current Medications: The patient is currently on a cholesterol-lowering agent (atorvastatin), antihypertensives (enalapril), and eye drops (timolol)
• Allergies: the patient reports an allergy to shellfish.

Social History: The patient is a school bus driver.

ROS:

HEENT:

Head: No headaches

Eyes: Reports worsening vision over the last two months.

Ears: No earaches

Nose: No sneezing, rhinorrhea, or congestion

Throat: No dysphagia, odynophagia, or sore throat.

CARDIOVASCULAR: No chest pain, orthopnea, dyspnea, or edema.

RESPIRATORY: No chest pain, no difficulty in breathing, no cough, no shortness of breath.

GASTROINTESTINAL: No nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, or diarrhea

GENITOURINARY:  No hematuria, dysuria, or incontinence

NEUROLOGICAL: No loss of consciousness, seizures, memory changes, local numbness or tingling, or paralysis

MUSCULOSKELETAL: No joint stiffness or pains; no backache; no joint tenderness or swelling

HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia; no bruising or bleeding

SKIN: no itchiness or changes in the hair.

LYMPHATICS: No lymphadenopathy

ENDOCRINOLOGIC: No thyroid problem; no excessive sweating; no heat or cold intolerance; no polydipsia or polyphagia.

 OBJECTIVE DATA:

Physical exam:

Vital signs: blood pressure is 118/68 mmHg, Heart rate is 86 bpm, the temperature is 37, and resp rate is 16

GENERAL: The patient is in generally fair condition with no signs of obvious distress. The patient is alert and oriented to person, place, and time.

HEENT:

Head: Atraumatic, normocephalic

Eyes: Pupils are normal, round, and reactive to light. No scleritis, no diplopia. Vision testing-right look is 20/30, and left eye is 20/50.

Ears: No earaches. Hearing is normal.

Nose: No sneezing, rhinorrhea, or congestion

Throat: No dysphagia, odynophagia, sore throat, or thyromegaly

CARDIOVASCULAR: no murmurs, no gallops, S1 and S2 heard.

RESPIRATORY: Vesicular breath sound heard bilaterally. No respiratory distress

SKIN: No lesions or rashes.

GIT: Bowel sounds heard.

NEUROLOGICAL: The patient is alert and oriented

HEMATOLOGIC: No anemia; no bruising or bleeding

LYMPHATICS: No lymphadenopathy

Risk Factors

Race. The patient is an African American, and this increases his risk of developing open-angle glaucoma 3-4 times. It has been documented that glaucoma is the most common cause of blindness in people of African descent. African Americans are also more likely to develop glaucoma at an earlier age compared to Caucasians. Black patients are generally predisposed to glaucoma because they have a thinner average central corneal thickness. This leads to the underdiagnosis of elevated intraocular pressure. Also, the mean intraocular pressure is higher in blacks than in Caucasians (Biggerstaff & Lin, 2020).

Old Age. Age is a risk factor for glaucoma, especially for patients over 40 years. Intraocular pressure increases with age, which leads to an increased risk of developing glaucoma. Glaucoma is more prevalent in the aging population, even though it